Abstract: In a paper by Willems et al., it was shown that persistently exciting data can be used to represent the input-output behavior of a linear system. Based on this fundamental result, we derive ...
Only two men can tell us if Elon Musk and Trump are truly, as of December 2025, “friends.” But the formal definition I used ...
Mitchell Grant is a self-taught investor with over 5 years of experience as a financial trader. He is a financial content strategist and creative content editor. Timothy Li is a consultant, accountant ...
Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...
where $l$ and $u$ are the lower and upper probability bounds, while $\phi$ and $\psi$ denote propositional logic formulas. For example the following two sentences ...
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