Cellulosic ethanol has long been recognized as a poor economic strategy, mainly due to its low enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. The key to a successful cellulase product is based on gaining an ...

Substrate claims its method could reduce the cost of producing a cutting-edge wafer from $100,000 to around $10,000 by the end of the decade, with commercial production targeted for 2028, the ...

An extremely ambitious startup called Substrate Inc. said today it has raised an initial $100 million to fund its mission to disrupt the global semiconductor industry and reinvent chipmaking. The ...

Another company backed by tech magnate (and part-time apocalypticist) Peter Thiel is seeking to disrupt Silicon Valley. The Wall Street Journal reports that Substrate, a U.S.-based chip startup, ...

A secretive American startup has emerged with aspirations to challenge two titans of the semiconductor industry: ASML Holding NV and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. The company, Substrate, has ...

SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) -Substrate, a small U.S. startup, said on Tuesday that it had developed a chipmaking tool capable of competing with the most advanced lithography equipment made by Dutch firm ...

Substrate, a small San Francisco startup is making waves in the global semiconductor industry, a business widely believed too complex to break into. With its proprietary technology, Substrate emerges ...

Abstract: Enzymes play a critical role in catalyzing biochemical reactions, and accurately predicting their substrate specificity is essential for applications in drug discovery, metabolic engineering ...

V max can be determined experimentally by plotting the initial velocity (v) of the reaction against the substrate concentration ([S]) and finding the asymptotic value on the y-axis. Alternatively, ...

CEO Sam Altman called a strange graph in its GPT-5 presentation a ‘mega chart screwup.’ CEO Sam Altman called a strange graph in its GPT-5 presentation a ‘mega chart screwup.’ is a senior reporter ...

As artificial intelligence and high-performance computing enter a phase of explosive growth, the limitations of traditional chip manufacturing and the slowing of Moore's Law have pushed the ...

Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license. Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator. The translocation of DNA in polymerase (Pol) enzymes is a critical step for ...