What’s often misunderstood about Google’s incrementality testing and how Bayesian models use probability to guide better decisions.

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

As an editor and writer who has contributed to many national and local publications, Nicole Gregory enjoys communicating clearly on critical health topics so that readers can make informed choices for ...

Mitchell Grant is a self-taught investor with over 5 years of experience as a financial trader. He is a financial content strategist and creative content editor. Timothy Li is a consultant, accountant ...

Decision-making inherently involves cause–effect relationships that introduce causal challenges. We argue that reliable algorithms for decision-making need to build upon causal reasoning. Addressing ...

Bayesian inference is a statistical method of inductive reasoning based on the reassessment of competing hypotheses in the presence of new evidence. Conceptually similar to the scientific method ...