Abstract: One of the prominent challenges encountered in real-world data is an imbalance, characterized by unequal distribution of observations across different target classes, which complicates ...
Abstract: The problem of learning-to-control relaxation systems from data is considered. It is shown that the equi-librium of the relaxation system's step response defines the solution of a class of ...
Learn how to confidently apply Coulomb’s Law using a clear, step-by-step problem-solving method. This tutorial breaks down electric force calculations, charge interactions, units, and common mistakes, ...
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