Oxygen began entering Earth's oceans around 2.32 billion years ago, and shallow seas followed within a few million years.

Far below the reach of sunlight, at roughly 4,000 m deep on the Pacific seafloor, researchers have stumbled on a form of ...

TALIF works by using a precisely tuned laser to excite the atoms being measured. Instead of absorbing a single photon, each atom absorbs two photons at the same time, and the combined energy of these ...

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a crucial metric for assessing the organic pollution load in water, reflecting the amount of oxygen required to oxidise organic compounds. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) ...

Scientists have directly imaged atomic oxygen in water using a femtosecond laser, revealing unexpected stability and movement ...